Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamics

(Note: bold numbers match the textbook - Kinsky)

Standard Atmospheric Pressure (STP) = 101.325 kPa and 20^oC
Adiabatic Index = c_p/ c_v
Kelvin = 273.15 + ^oC
R = 8314 / M (where m = atomic mass number for the molecule)

GAS PROPERTIES:

Gas	Formula	c_p Constant Pressure Specific Heat Capacity (kJ/kgK) at 20^oC	c_vConstant Volume Specific Heat Capacity (kJ/kgK) at 20^oC	$γ$ Ratio of Specific Heats $γ$ = c_{p /}c_v	R Characteristic Gas Constant (kJ/kgK) R = c_p-c_v
Acetone	OC(CH₃)₂	1.47	1.32	1.11	0.15
Acetylene	C₂H₂	1.69	1.37	1.232	0.319
Air	_.78N, _0.21O₂	1.005	0.718	1.40	0.287
Ammonia	NH₃	2.19	1.66	1.31	0.53
Argon	Ar	0.520	0.312	1.667	0.208
Benzene	C₆H₆	1.09	0.99	1.12	0.1
Bromine	Br₂	0.25	0.2	1.28	0.05
Butane	C₄H₁₀	1.67	1.53	1.094	0.143
Carbon dioxide	CO₂	1.075	0.655	1.289	0.189
Carbon monoxide	CO	1.02	0.72	1.40	0.297
Chlorine	Cl₂	0.48	0.36	1.34	0.12
Ethane	C₂H₆	1.75	1.48	1.187	0.276
Ether: (Anesthetic diethyl ~)	O(CH₃CH₂)₂	2.01	1.95	1.03	0.06
Ethylene	C₂H₄	1.53	1.23	1.240	0.296
Helium	He	5.193	3.12	1.67	2.08
Hydrogen	H₂	14.32	10.16	1.405	4.160
Hydrogen Chloride	HCl	0.8	0.57	1.41	0.23
Hydroxyl	OH	1.76	1.27	1.384	0.489
Methane	CH₄	2.22	1.70	1.304	0.518
Natural Gas	Methane +	2.34	1.85	1.27	0.5
Neon	Ne	1.03	0.618	1.667	0.412
Nitric Oxide	NO	0.995	0.718	1.386	0.277
Nitrogen	N₂	1.040	0.743	1.400	0.297
Nitrous oxide	N₂O	0.88	0.69	1.27	0.18
Oxygen	O₂	0.919	0.659	1.395	0.260
Propane	C₃H₈	1.67	1.48	1.127	0.189
Propene (propylene)	C₃H₆	1.5	1.31	1.15	0.18
Steam 7 kPa. 50–320^oC	H₂O	1.93	1.46	1.32	0.462
Steam 100kPa.100–320^oC	H₂O	1.97	1.5	1.31	0.46
Steam 1000kPa.180–320^oC	H₂O	2.26	1.76	1.28	0.5
Sulfur dioxide	SO₂	0.64	0.51	1.29	0.13

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/spesific-heat-capacity-gases-d_159.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity

Specific Heat Capacity

Substance	Specific Heat Capacity C (kJ/kgK) at 20^oC
Aluminum (and alloys)	0.88
Copper (and alloys)	0.39
Cast iron	0.42
Ice	2.04
Glass	0.84
Gold	0.13
Granite	0.79
Lead	0.13
Mercury	0.14
Oil	2.00
Steel (and alloys)	0.46
Tungsten	0.13
Water	4.19
Wood (douglas fir)	2.6
Zinc	0.39

Latent Heat (Fusion = melting, Evaporation = boiling or vaporization) per kg

Substance	Specific Heat Capacity C (kJ/kgK) at 20^oC	Latent Heat of Fusion (kJ/kgK)	Latent Heat of Evaporation / Vaporization (kJ/kgK)
Ice	2.04	335	-
Water	4.19	-	2257

Energy Content (Fuels)

Fuel	Energy Content (MJ/kg)
Wood (dry)	19.2
Wood (with MC% moisture)	19.2-(0.2164*MC)
Ethanol	30
Petroleum	46.5
Diesel	45.6
Biodiesel (vegetable oil)	42.2
Coal (typical power plant)	30
Heavy Fuel Oil	47
LPG	49.6
Natural Gas	53.6
Pure Uranium U²³⁵	90E6

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/forestry/biomass/pubs/WB0008.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
http://www.woodenergy.ie/iopen24/defaultarticle.php?cArticlePath=51